line of conduct

μεταμέλ-ομαι, rare exc. in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf.: [tense] fut. -

A

μελήσομαι Phld.Rh.2.16

S., also -

μεληθήσομαι LXX Ps.109(110).4

, Sch.E.Ph. 899: [tense] aor. - εμελήθην Plb.8.23.2, D.S.19.75, later - ήσθην PThead. 51.15 (iv A. D.); also [dialect] Ep. μετεμέμβλετο prob. in Panyas. in Et.Gen. s.v. μῦθος (Coll.Alex.p.249 Powell): [tense] pf. -

μεμέλημαι LXX 1 Ma.11.10

, Phld.Vit.p.34 J.:—feel repentance, regret:—Constr.:

1 c. part., μετεμέλοντο οὐ δεξάμενοι they repented that they had not.., Th.4.27, cf. 7.50; μ. ὅτι .. Id.5.14;

ὁ μεταμελόμενος Arist.EN 1110b23

.

2 μεταμέλεσθαί τινι repent at a thing, D.S.15.9;

ἐπί τινι Id.19.75

; τινων Phalar.Ep.43.

3 abs., change one's purpose or line of conduct, X.Cyr.4.6.5, Plb.4.50.6.

II causal in [tense] fut. part., τὸ μεταμελησόμενον that which will cause regret, matter for future repentance, X.Mem.2.6.23.

III = μεταμέλει 1.1,

μεταμέλεσθαι αὐτοῖς περὶ ὧν ἂν συμβουλεύσωνται Pl.Demod. 382d

.:—the form [full] μεταμελέομαι, censured by Thom.Mag.p.123 R., occurs in Hp.Ep.27.

ἀνάγω, [tense] fut.

A

ἀνάξω Hdt.7.10

.θ, etc.: [tense] aor. 2 ἀνήγαγον, etc.: (v. ἄγω):—opp. κατάγω,

I lead up from a lower place to a higher,

ἐς Ολυμπον Thgn.1347

, E.Ba. 289;

πρὸς τὸ ὄρος X.An.3.4.28

; ἱερὸν ἀ. ξόανον, of the Trojan horse, E.Tr. 525; ὁ πέπλος ἀνάγεται εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν Pl Euthphr.6c.

2 lead up to the high sea, carry by sea,

λαὸν ἀνήγαγεν ἐνθάδ' ἀείρας Il.9.338

;

γυναῖκ' εὐειδέ' ἀνῆγες ἐξ Ἀπίης γαίης 3.48

, cf. 6.292;

στρατὸν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα Hdt.7.10

.θ: but freq. = simple ἄγω, conduct, carry to a place, Il.8.203, Od.3.272; ἀ. ναῦν put a ship to sea, Hdt.6.12, 7.100, etc.; ἀνάγειν abs. in the same sense, Id.3.41, 8.76, cf. D.23.169:—but this is more common in [voice] Med., v. infr. B.I.

3 take up from the coast into the interior, Od.14.272; esp. from Asia Minor into Central Asia, ἀ. παρὰ or

ὡς βασιλέα Hdt. 6.119

, X.HG1.4.6, An.2.6.1, etc.; from Piraeus to Athens, Id.HG2.4.8.

4 bring up, esp. from the dead,

ἀ. εἰς φάος Hes.Th. 626

;

εἰς φῶς Pl.R. 521c

, S.Fr. 557 ([voice] Pass.);

τῶν φθιμένων ἀ. A.Ag. 1023

, cf. E.Alc. 985; κλίνει κἀνάγει πάλιν lays low and brings up again, S.Aj. 131;

ἐκ λεχέων ἀ. φάμαν παλαιάν

waken up, revive, renew,

Pi.I.4(3).22

.

5 ἀ. χορόν conduct the choir, Hes.Sc. 280, E.Tr. 326, Th.3.104; ἀ. θυσίαν, ὁρτήν celebrate.., Hdt.2.48,60, al., cf. Act.Ap. 7.41; sacrifice,

ταύρους OGI764.47

(ii B. C.).

6 lift up, raise,

κάρα S.Ph. 866

;

τὸ ὄμμα ἀ. ἄνω Pl.R. 533d

; ἀ. τὰς ὀφρῦς, = ἀνασπᾶν, Plu. 2.975c;

ἂν πυκτεύοντες ἀνάγωσιν ἑαυτούς Id.2.541b

.

7 ἀ. παιᾶνα lift up a paean, S.Tr. 210; ἄναγε πολύδακρυν ἁδονάν, of a song of lamentation, E.El. 126;

κωκυτόν Ph. 1350

.

8 ἀ. εἰς τιμήν raise to honour, Plu.Num.16;

τίμιον ἀ. τινά E.HF 1333

; elevate, οἱ εἰς φιλοσοφίαν ἀνάγοντες [ἀστρονομίαν] Pl.R. 529a.

9 in various senses,

φάρμακα ἀνάγοντα

expectorants,

Hp.Morb.3.15

; ἀ. ὀδόντας cut teeth, Id.Aph.3.25; ἀ. πλῆθος αἵματος bring up blood, Plu.Cleom.30; ἀ. μηρυκισμόν chew the cud, LXX Le.11.3, al.; τὸν Νεῖλον ἀναγέτω bring the Nile up [over its banks], Luc.DDeor.3;

ἀ. φάλαγγα

deploy,

Plu. Crass.23

: Geom., draw a line, Arist.Metaph. 1051a25; ἀ. τεταγμένως erect as an ordinate, Apollon.Perg.Con.2.49; in building, carry a line of works to a point, Plu.Nic.18:

ἀ. ὕδωρ

distil,

Syn.Alch. p.66B.

10 μύρια τάλαντ' εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἀνήγαγον, i.e. paid them into the treasury there, D.3.24.

11 bring up a prisoner for examination, X.HG3.3.11, OGI483.185 (Pergam.), Plb.40.4.2, Act.Ap.12.4.

12 train, rear,

θετὸν υἱόν AP9.254

(Phil.):—[voice] Pass.,

εἰς μέτρα ἥβης ἀνηγόμην IG12(7).449

([place name] Amorgos); of plants,

ἀ. ἀμπελῶνας S.

(?)Fr. 1010.

II bring back,

ἀνήγαγον αὖθις Ἄργος ἐς ἱππόβοτον Il.15.29

, cf. Od.24.401, Pi.P.5.3, etc.

2 τὸν λόγον ἐπ' ἀρχὴν ἀ. carry back, refer to its principles, Pl.Lg. 626d;

εἰς ἄλλας ἀρχάς Arist. EN 1113b20

;

εἰς αὑτὸν τὴν ἀρχήν 1113a6

, cf. GA 778b1, al.;

εἰς γνωριμώτερον Metaph. 1040b20

; generally, refer,

πάντα τοῖς λογισμοῖς εἰς ἀσφάλειαν Plu.Brut.12

;

εἰς κοινὸν ὄνομα A.D.Synt.266.13

; freq. in [voice] Pass.,

ἀνάγομαι εἴς τι Procl.Inst.21

;

ὑπό τι Olymp. in Mete.326.33

;

ἀπό, ἔκ τινος

to be derived from,

A.D.Adv.121.25

, Synt.23.26; ἀ. ἀπό, ἐξ .. derive one's subsistence from.., Vett.Val.10.15,73.11.

3 ἀ. τι εἰς τὸν δῆμον, Arist.Pol. 1292a25; of persons, ἀ. τινὰ ἐπὶ τὴν συγγραφήν refer him to the contract, D.56.31.

4 reduce syllogism to another figure, Arist.APr. 29b1; reduce an argument to syllogism, ib. 46b40, al.

5 in Law, return a slave sold with an undisclosed defect,

εἰς πρατῆρα Pl.Lg. 915c

, cf. Hyp.Ath.15.

6 refer a claimant,

πράτορι ἢ εἰς πόλιν ἔνδικον Milet.3

No.140.42: abs.,

ὁ ἔχων ἀναγέτω Foed.Delph.Pell.2

A15;

ἀ. ὅθεν εἴληφας D.45.81

.

7 rebuild, Plu.Publ.15, Cam.32.

8 restore to its original shape, Parth.Ep. Dedic.;

τάφρον PHal.1.5

.

9 reckon, calculate,

ἀ. τὰς ἡμέρας πρὸς τὸ μαντεῖον Plu. Cim.18

;

χρόνον ἐκ τῶν Ὀλυμπιονικῶν Num.1

.

10 intr. (sc. ἑαυτόν), withdraw, X.Cyr.7.1.45, etc.; ἐπὶ πόδα ἀ. retreat facing enemy, 3.3.69;

ἀ. ἐπὶ σκέλος Ar.Av. 383

: metaph., ἄναγε εἰς τοὐπίσω, perh. nautical, put back again, Pl.R. 528a.

B [voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., put out to sea, set sail (v. supr. 1.2), Il.1.478, Hdt.3.137, etc.: [tense] fut.

ἀνάξεσθαι Th.6.30

, etc.;

ἀναχθέντες Hdt.3.138

, 4.152, cf. A.Ag. 626.

2 metaph., put to sea, i. e. make ready, prepare oneself,

ὡς ἐρωτήσων Pl.Chrm. 155d

, cf. Erx. 392d.

3 in thought, ascend to higher unity, Dam.Pr. 117.

στοιχέω (στοῖχος) fut. στοιχήσω (X. et al.; ins, pap; Eccl 11:6) orig. ‘be drawn up in line’, in our lit. only fig. to be in line with a pers. or thing considered as standard for one’s conduct, hold to, agree with, follow, conform w. dat. (Polyb. 28, 5, 6; Dionys. Hal. 6, 65; OGI 339, 51 [II A.D.]; SIG 685, 18; 734, 6; Michel 544, 14 βουλόμενος στοιχεῖν τοῖς πρασσομένοις; pap not until Byz. times) ὅσοι τῷ κανόνι τούτῳ στοιχήσουσιν all those who will follow this rule Gal 6:16; cp. Phil 3:16 v.l.; στ. τῷ λόγῳ Ἰησοῦ Χρ. MPol 22:1. πνεύματι στ. follow the Spirit Gal 5:25. εἰς ὸ̔ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ στοιχεῖν we must hold on to what we have attained Phil 3:16. στ. τοῖς ἴχνεσίν τινος let our conduct be consistent with what we have already attained (so REB; s. ἴχνος) Ro 4:12.—Abs. (so perh. OGI 308, 21) στοιχεῖς φυλάσσων τὸν νόμον Ac 21:24 (the ptc. tells what it is that Paul conforms to).—New Docs 2, 97. DELG s.v. στείχω. M-M. TW.

ἀγωγή, ἡ, ([etym.] ἄγω)

A carrying away, Hdt.6.85, etc.; freight, carriage,

πρὸς τὰς ἀγωγὰς.. χρῆσθαι ὑποζυγίοις Pl.R. 370e

, cf.X.Lac.7.5, PLond. 3.948.2 (iii A.D.).

b intr., τὴν ἀ. διὰ τάχους ἐποιεῖτο pursued his voyage, Th.4.29 (v.l.); movement, Pl.R. 604b; ἀ. ἐπί τι tendency towards.., Hp.Epid.1.1.

2 bringing to or in, ὑμῶν ἡ ἐς τοὺς ὀλίγους ἀ. your bringing us before the council, Th.5.85.

3 forcible seizure, carrying off, abduction, A.Ag. 1263, S.OC 662;

ἀγωγὴν ποιήσασθαι PTeb. 39.22

(ii B. C.), cf. 48.22.

4

ὕδατος ἀγωγαί

aqueducts,

IG12(5).872

([place name] Tenos), cf. D.H.3.67.

5 load, Ostr.1168; weight, AB333.

6 winding up of engine, Ph.Bel.57.13 (pl.).

7 drawing of lines, Procl.in Euc.pp.284,376F.

8 evoking,

πνευμάτων Iamb.Myst.3.6

(pl.).

b spell for bringing a person, usu. love-charm, PMag.Par. 1.1390.

II leading, guidance,

ἵππου X.Eq.6.4

;

ἡ τοῦ νόμου, τοῦ λογισμοῦ ἀ. Pl.Lg. 645a

, cf.Plt. 274b.

2 leading of an army, Id.Lg. 746e (pl.); ἀ. στραταρχίας conduct of an expedition, Vett.Val.339.29;

ἡ ἀ. τῶν πραγμάτων Plb.3.8.5

.

3 direction, training,

παιδεία μέν ἐσθ' ἡ παίδων ὁλκή τε καὶ ἀ. πρὸς τὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου λόγον ὀρθὸν εἰρημένον Pl.Lg. 659d

, cf. 819a;

ἀ. ὀρθῆς τυχεῖν πρὸς ἀρετήν Arist.EN 1179b31

;

διὰ τὸ ἦθος καὶ τὴν ἀ. Id.Pol. 1292b14

, cf. Cleanth.Stoic.1.107: in pl., systems of education, Chrysipp.Stoic.3.173; esp. of the public education of the Spartan youth,

Λακωνικὴ ἀ. Plb. 1.32.1

;

Ἀγησίλαος ἤχθη τὴν λεγομένην ἀγωγὴν ἐν Δακεδαίμονι Plu.Ages.1

; ἀ. στοιχειώδης elementary course, Apollon.Perg.Con.1 Praef.:—also of plants, culture, Thphr.HP1.3.2; of diseases, treatment, Gal.12.414, 15.436.

4 way of life, conduct, Archyt ap.Stob.2.31.120 (pl.), PTeb. 24.57 (ii B. C.), OGI223.15 (Erythrae, iii B. C.), LXX 2 Ma.6.8, 2 Ep.Tim. 3.10, M.Ant.1.6.

5 keeping, observance,

ἡμερῶν Aristox.Rhyth. 2.37

;

μηνῶν Gem.8.48

.

6 generally, method, construction (of a law), Arist.Rh. 1375b12; style, D.H.Isoc.20, al.;

ἡ ἀ. τῶν διαλέκτων Str.14.1.41

.

7 method of proof, esp. of syllogistic reasoning,

λόγοι τὰς ἀγωγὰς ὑγιεῖς ἔχοντες Chrysipp.Stoic.2.84

, cf. Simp.in Ph. 759.14; line of argument, Plu.2.106b.

8 school of philosophers, Phld.Sto.Herc.339.12, Acad.Ind.p.68 M., S.E.P.1.145, etc.

9 Milit., manoeuvre, movement, Ascl.Tact.12.7 and 10; order of march, ib.11.8, cf. Ael.Tact.39.1.

10 in Law, = Lat. actio, Cod.Just. 4.24.1, al.

III tempo, in music, Pl.R. 400c (pl.), Aristox.Harm. p.34 M., Aristid.Quint.1.19; sequence, of a melody, Aristox.Harm. p.29 M.; musical style, Str.14.1.41, Plu.2.1141c.

διάγω [ᾰ],

A carry over or across,

πορθμῆες δ' ἄρα τούς γε διήγαγον Od.20.187

, cf. Th.4.78;

δ. ἐπὶ σχεδίας ἄρτους X.Cyr.2.4.28

.

b intr., cross over, Id.An.7.2.12.

2 draw through,

τὴν προβοσκίδα Plu.2.968d

.

3 Geom., draw through or across, produce a line, Euc.1.21, al.

4 draw apart,

τὰ ὄμματα IG4.951.121

(Epid.).

II of Time, pass, spend,

αἰῶνα h.Hom.20.7

; βίοτον, βίον, A.Pers. 711, S.OC 1619, Ar.Nu. 464;

δ. τὸν βίον μαχόμενος Pl. R. 579d

;

ἡσύχιον βίον δ. ἐν εὐσεβείᾳ

1 Ep.Tim.

2.2

; γῆρας, νύκτα, X. Cyr.4.6.6, An.6.5.1;

χρόνον Plu.Tim.10

(but χρόνος διῆγέ με, = χρόνον διῆγον, S.El. 782); δ. ἑορτήν celebrate it, Ath.8.363f: hence,

2 intr., without βίον, pass life, live, Democr.191, D.18.254, 25.82; = διαιτῶμαι, διατρίβω, Thom.Mag.pp.90,98 R.;

δ. ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ Pl.Tht. 174b

; tarry,

ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ Id.Euthphr.3e

;

ἐν προαστείῳ Hdn.1.12.5

:—[voice] Med.,

διαγόμενος Pl.R. 344e

, etc.;

τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσεβῶς δ. Michel352.15

([place name] Iasus).

b delay, Th.1.90, D.C.57.3: c. acc., spin out, protract,

τοὺς λόγους Philostr.VA1.17

.

c c. acc. pers., divert, fob off, ἐλπίδας λέγων διῆγε [τοὺς στρατιώτας] X.An.1.2.11, cf. D.Prooem. 53, Luc.Phal.1.3.

d continue,

δ. σιωπῇ X.Cyr.1.4.14

: freq. c. part., continue doing so and so,

δ. λιπαρέοντας Hdt.1.94

; δ. μανθάνων, ἐπιμελόμενος, X.Cyr.1.2.6, 7.5.85.

e with Advbs.,

ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα δ. Th.7.71

;

ἄριστα X.Mem.4.4.15

;

εὖ Arist.HA 625b23

;

ἀκινδύνως Id.Pol. 1295b33

; also εὐσεβῆ δ. τρόπον περί τινα conduct oneself piously, Ar.Ra. 457.

III cause to continue, keep in a certain state,

πόλιν ὀρθοδίκαιον δ. A.Eu. 995

(lyr.);

πόλεις ἐν ὁμονοίᾳ Isoc.3.41

;

ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς κατὰ βίον.. διῆγεν ὑμᾶς D.18.89

;

τὸ ὑπήκοον ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ δ. D.C.40.30

.

IV entertain, feed,

τραγήμασι καὶ λαχάνοις τὸν στρατόν Philostr.Her.10.4

:—[voice] Pass., [

λέων] μελιτούτταις διήγετο Id.VA 5.42

.

V manage,

κάλλιστα πάντα δ. Pl.Plt. 273c

;

πανηγυρικώτερον δ. τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχήν Plb.5.34.3

.

VI separate, force apart,

τὰ σκέλεα Hp.Steril.230

, LXX Ez.16.25;

τοὺς ὀδόντας Aret.SA1.6

.

2 divert,

τινὰ ἀπό τινος Philostr.Her.Prooem.3

; simply, divert,

τὰς βασιλείους φροντίδας Id.VS1.8.2

.

διαπορ-εύω,

A carry over, conduct through, X.An.2.5.18.

II mostly [voice] Med., with [tense] aor. [voice] Pass. διεπορεύθην:—pass across,

ἐς Εὔβοιαν Hdt.4.33

: c. acc., go through,

Πελοπόννησον Th.5.52

;

χώραν X. An.3.3.3

;

δ. τὰς ὁδούς Pl.Lg. 845a

;

στόμα δι' οὗ μέλη τε καὶ ἔπη δ. Satyr.Vit.Eur.Fr.39xx14

; δ. γραμμήν travel along a line, Arist.EN 1174b1, cf. Archim.Spir.12: abs., Th.1.107, Pl.Phd. 85d, Arist.PA 640b15; οἱ διαπορευόμενοι the passers-by, Aen.Tact.32.10.

2 go through, detail,

εὐεργεσίας Plb.16.26.2

; perform,

τὰς κρούσεις Id.30.22.5

.

3 of Time, elapse, BGU1116.11, al. (i B. C.).

πορ-εύω, [tense] fut.

A

- σω E.Hec. 447

(lyr.), etc.: [tense] aor. ἐπόρευσα, poet.

πόρευσα Pi.P.11.21

:—[voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., [tense] fut.

πορεύσομαι S.OT 676

, Pl.Smp. 190d;

πορευθήσομαι IG22.141.2

, LXX 3 Ki.14.2: [tense] aor. ἐπορευσάμην (only compds. ἐν-, προ-, Pl. Ep. 313d, Plb.2.27.2);

ἐπορεύθην Pi.Fr.75.8

, Hdt.8.107, Th.1.26, E. Hec. 1099 (lyr.), etc.: [tense] pf.

πεπόρευμαι Pl.Plt. 266d

, D.53.6:([etym.] πόρος):

I [voice] Act., make to go, carry, convey, by land or water, τινα Arion 1.13, Pi. O.1.77, P.11.21, etc.;

ἐπ' εὐστόλου νεὼς πορεύσαιμ' ἂν ἐς δόμους S.Ph. 517

(lyr.);

ὡς τάχιστά μοι μολὼν ἄνακτα.. τις πορευσάτω Id.OC 1476

;

ἐμὲπόντιον ς κάφος πορεύσει Ἄργος E.Tr. 1086

(lyr.);

ποντιὰς αὔρα,.. ποῖ με πορεύσεις; Id.Hec. 447

(lyr.);

βᾶσά νιν δεῦρο πόρευσον Id.Med. 181

(lyr.);

στρατιὰν πεζῇ π. ὡς Βρασίδαν Th.4.132

, etc.: c. dupl.acc., carry or ferry over, [

Νέσσος] ποταμὸν.. Βροτοὺς μισθοῦ 'πόρευε S.Tr. 560

;

γυναῖκ' ἀρίσταν λίμναν.. πορεύσας ἐλάτᾳ E.Alc. 443

(lyr.).

2 of things, bring, carry,

ἐπιστολὰς πατρί S.OC 1602

; furnish, bestow,

χρυσόν E.Ph. 985

; set in motion,

κίνησις.. βραδυτῆτάς τε καὶ τάχη.. π. Pl.Lg. 893d

.

3 abs., conduct a search, S.Ichn.324 (lyr., s.v.l.).

II [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., to be driven or carried,

μέγας βοῦς ὑπὸ σμικρᾶς μάστιγος εἰς ὁδὸν π. Id.Aj. 1254

;

πρὸς βίαν π. Id.OC 845

.

2 go, walk, march, Hdt.8.22, Thphr.Char.2.1, etc.;

ἐφ' ἑνὸς σκέλους Pl.Smp. 190d

;

σύνδρομά τινι Id.Plt. 266d

;

ταχέως X.An. 2.2.12

;

τοῖν ποδοῖν Id.Cyr.4.3.13

; go by land, opp. going by sea, Id.An.5.3.1; also cross, pass over, διαφυλάσσειν τὰς σχεδίας, πορευθῆναι βασιλέϊ for the king's crossing, Hdt.8.107;

π. δι' Εὐρίπου Th.7.29

: freq. with Preps., π. ἐκ δόμων, ἔξω δωμάτων, S.Tr. 392, E.Hipp. 1156;

εἰς ἀγρόν Pl.R. 563d

;

εἰς ἐκκλησίαν Thphr.Char.4.1

;

ἐξ.. ἐς.. Hdt.4.35

;

ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀχέροντα Pl.Phd. 113d

: c.acc.loci, enter,

π.στέγας S.Tr. 329

, cf. E.Hel.51; π. διὰ Θεσσαλίης march through T., Hdt.7.196; π. παρὰ βασιλέος come from his presence, Id.6.95;

παρὰ βασιλέως πρὸς τὸν σατράπην X.An.4.5.10

; π. πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα go in to her husband, Theano ap.D.L.8.43: freq. c.acc.cogn., μακροτέραν (sc. ὁδόν)

π. X.An.2.2.11

, etc.;

π.φυγάν E. Ion 1239

(lyr.);

τὴν εἱμαρμένην πορείαν Pl.Mx. 236d

: c.acc.loci,

γῆν πολλὴν π.

go over, trauerse,

Arr.An.6.23.1

;

π. τὰ δύσβατα X.Cyr.2.4.27

;

τοσαῦτα ὄ ρη Id.An.2.5.18

: Geom., π. διὰ τοῦ κέντρου pass through the centre, Archim.Con.Sph. 16; π. γραμμάν traverse, move along a line, Id.Spir.14.—Special phrases: ἐς ἄρκυν π. fall into.., E.El. 965; ἐπ' ἔργον π., ἐπὶ τὰ δευτερεῖα π., Id.Or. 1068, Pl.Phlb. 23b; π. εἰς τὰ κτήματα enter into possession of.., D.44.32; ἢν αἱ καθάρσιες πορεύωνται if the menses come, Hp.Aph. 5.60.

3 walk, i.e. live,

εἴ τις ὑπέροπτα.. π. S.OT 884

(lyr.); freq. in LXX, as

π. τοῖς νομίμοις Le.18.3

.

4 metaph.,

ἡ πονηρία διὰ τῶν ἡδονῶν π. X.Cyr. 2.2.24

; of discourse,

ἐκτὸς τῶν λόγων π. Pl. Lg. 812a

;

διὰ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων X.Mem.4.6.15

; καθ' ὁμοιότητα π. proceed by analogy, Phld.Sign.31.

5 proceed at law, PEleph.3.5,4.6 (iii B.C.).

6 go on one's way, i.e. die, Jul.Ep.14.

ἄγω [pron. full] [ᾰ], [tense] impf. ἦγον, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion.

A

ἄγεσκον Hdt.1.148

, A.R.1.849: [tense] fut.

ἄξω Il.1.139

, etc.: thematic [tense] aor. imper.

ἄξετε Il.3.105

, inf. ἀξέμεναι, -έμεν, Il.23.50, 111: [tense] aor. 2

ἤγαγον Il.6.291

, etc., opt.

ἀγαγοίην Sapph.159

: [tense] aor. 1 ἦξα rare,

ἦζε Tim.Pers. 165

, part.

ἄξας Batr. 119

, inf.

ἄξαι Antipho 5.46

: [tense] pf.

ἦχα SIG1

(Abu Simbel, vii/ vi B. C.), Plb.3.111.3, ([etym.] προ-) D.19.18, ([etym.] συν-) X.Mem.4.2.8;

ἀγήγοχα OGI219.15

(Sigeum, iii B.C.), etc., [dialect] Dor.

συν-αγάγοχα Test.Epict.3.12

;

ἀγήοχα LXX To.12.3

, J.BJ1.30.1, Alex.Fig.1.11, etc. (also in compds., ([etym.] εἰσ-) Ps.-Philipp. ap. D.18.39, ([etym.] κατ-) Decr.ib.73);

ἀγείοχα PTeb.5.193

(ii B. C.), etc.; ἀγέωχα ([etym.] δι-) CIG4897d (Philae, i B. C.), PTeb.5.198 (ii B. C.), etc.: [tense] plpf.

ἀγηόχει Plb.30.4.17

:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

ἄξομαι Hom.

, Hdt., Trag.: them. [tense] aor. 1

ἄξοντο Il.8.545

, imper. ἄζεσθε ib. 505: also ἀξάμην ([etym.] ἐσ-) Hdt.5.34, ([etym.] προεσ-) 1.190, 8.20: [tense] aor.2

ἠγαγόμην Hom.

, etc., [ per.] 2sg.

ἀγάγαο GDI5088.8

(Cret.):—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

ἀχθήσομαι Pl.Hp.Ma. 292a

, ([etym.] προσ-) Th.4.87, etc.; ἄξομαι in pass. sense, A.Ag. 1632, Pl.R. 458d, ([etym.] προσ-) Th.4.115, etc.: [tense] aor. 1

ἤχθην X.An.6.3.10

, [dialect] Ion.

ἄχθην Hdt.6.30

, part.

ἀχθείς Hippon. 9

: [tense] pf. ἦγμαι Hdt 2.158, D.13.15; also in med. sense, v. infr. B.2.

I lead, carry, fetch, bring, of living creatures, φέρω being used of things,

δῶκε δ' ἄγειν ἑτάροισι.. γυναῖκα, καὶ τρίποδα.. φέρειν Il.23.512

; βοῦν δ' ἀγέτην κεράων by the horns, Od.3.439; ἄ. εἰς or πρὸς τόπον, poet. also c. acc. loci, νόστοι δ' ἐκ πολέμων ἀπόνους (sc. ἄνδρας)

.. ἆγον οἴκους A.Pers. 863

(lyr.);

Ἅιδας.. ἄγει τὰν Ἀχέροντος ἀκτάν S.Ant. 811

(lyr.);

ἄ. τινά τινι Od.14.386

;

ἵππους ὑφ' ἅρματ' ἄ. 3.476

, cf. A.Pr. 465.

b part. ἄγων taking,

στῆσε δ' ἄγων Il.2.558

, cf. Od.1.130, S.OC 1342, etc.

2 take with one,

ἑταίρους Od.10.405

, cf. S.OC 832, etc.; τι Il.15.531, Hdt.1.70; of a wife, A.Pr. 559 (lyr.) (more usu. [voice] Med., q.v.).

3 carry off as captives or booty, Il.1.367,9.594, A. Th. 340, etc.;

ἄχθη ἀγόμενος παρὰ βασιλέα Hdt.6.30

; ἀγόμενος, i.e. δοῦλος, Archil.155, cf. E.Tr. 140, Pl.Lg. 914e; Δίκην ἄγειν to lead Justice forcibly away, Hes.Op. 220;

ἡ ἐπιθυμία ἄγει Arist.EN 1147a34

; of a fowler,

φῦλον ὀρνίθων ἀμφιβαλὼν ἄγει S.Ant. 343

: esp. in phrase ἄ. καὶ φέρειν harry, ravage a country, first in Il.5.484 οἷόν κ' ἠὲ φέροιεν Ἀχαιοὶ ἤ κεν ἄγοιεν, cf. 23.512 sq.; freq. in Hdt. and [dialect] Att. Prose:—in [voice] Pass.,

ἀγόμεθα, φερόμεθα E.Tr. 1310

, cf. Ar.Nu. 241: more rarely reversed,

φέρουσί τε καὶ ἄγουσι Hdt. 1.88

;

ἔφερε καὶ ἦγε πάντας Id.3.39

: c. acc. loci,

φέρων καὶ ἄγων τὴν Βιθυνίδα X.HG3.2.2

;

ἦγον καὶ ἔκαον τὴν B.

ib.5; ἄ. alone, ravage, IG9(1).333 ([dialect] Locr., v B. C.): —but φέρειν καὶ ἄγειν sts. means simply bear and carry, bring together, Pl.Phdr. 279c; τὴν ποίησιν φέρειν τε καὶ ἄγειν, i.e. bring it into the state, Id.Lg. 817a, cf. X.Cyr.3.3.2.

4 ἄ. εἰς δίκην or δικαστήριον, ἐπὶ τοὺς δικαστάς to carry one before a court of justice, freq. in [dialect] Att.,

πρὸς τὴν δίκην ἄ. E.Fr. 1049

;

ὑπ' ἐπίγνωσιν ἀχθῆναι PTeb.28.11

(ii B. C.); simply

ἄγειν Pl.Grg. 527a

, etc.;

ἐπὶ θανάτῳ ἄ. X.An.1.6.10

, etc.:—[voice] Pass.,

ἐπὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε Ev.Matt.10.18

, cf. PTeb.331.16 (ii A.D.);

φόνου ἄγεσθαι Plu.2.309e

.

b [voice] Pass., to be confiscated, τὰ κτήνη ἀχθήσεται πρὸς τὰ ἐκφόρια (to meet the rent) PTeb.27.75 (ii B. C.).

5 of ships, carry as cargo, import, [ οἶνον]

νῆες ἄγουσι Il.9.72

, etc.; ἵνα οἱ σὺν φόρτον ἄγοιμι (i.e. σύν οἱ) Od.14.296.

6 draw on, bring on,

πῆμα τόδ' ἤγαγον Οὐρανίωνες Il.24.547

;

Ἰλίω φθοράν A.Ag. 406

(lyr.);

τερμίαν ἁμέραν S.Ant. 1330

(lyr.);

ὕπνον Id.Ph. 638

;

χαράν E.Fr. 174

;

δάκρυ Id.Alc. 1081

.

7 bear up,

φελλοὶ δ' ὥς. ἄγουσι δίκτυον A.Ch. 506

.

8 carry far and wide, spread abroad,

κλέος Od.5.311

.

9 Medic., remove,

φλέγμα Hp. Nat.Hom.6

, cf. Aph.4.2;

ἕλμινθα Dsc.1.16

.

II lead towards a point, lead on,

τὸν δ' ἄγε μοῖρα κακὴ θανάτοιο τέλοσδε Il.13.602

;

κῆρες ἄγον θανάτοιο 2.834

;

οἷ μ' ἀτιμίας ἄγεις S.El. 1035

: also c. inf., ἄγει θανεῖν leads to death, E.Hec.43: c. acc. cogn.,

ἄγομαι τάνδ' ἑτοίμαν ὁδόν S.Ant. 877

(lyr.); ὁδὸς ἄγει the road leads, Heraclit.71, S.OT 734, Tab.Heracl.1.16, etc.: metaph., tend,

ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον Pl.Lg. 701e

.

2 lead, guide, esp. in war,

λαόν Il.10.79

; ἄ. στρατιάν, ναῦς, etc., Th.7.12, 8.59, etc., cf. X.An.4.8.12; henceabs., march,

θᾶσσον ὁ Νικίας ἦγε Th.7.81

, cf. X.HG4.2.19, etc.: simply, go,

ἄγωμεν Ev.Marc. 1.38

; of the gods, etc., guide, Pi., Hdt., etc.;

ἐπ' ἀρετήν E.Fr. 672

;

διὰ πόνων ἄγειν τινά Id.IT 988

.

3 manage,

νόῳ πλοῦτον Pi.P.6.47

;

πολιτείαν Th.1.127

; τὴν σοφίαν conduct philosophical inquiry, Pl.Tht. 172b; of reasoning,

ἀγαγεῖν τοὺς λόγους Arist.APr. 47a21

; εἰς τὸ ἀδύνατον ἄ. ib. 27a15 (v.l. ἀπάγοντας):—[voice] Pass., to be led, guided,

λογισμῷ Pl.R. 431c

;

ἡγούμενος τῶν ἡδονῶν ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀγόμενος ὑπ' αὐτῶν Isoc. 9.45

.

4 refer, attribute,

τι εἰς ἐθελοκάκησιν Plb. 27.15.13

;

τι ἐς Διόνυσον Luc.Syr.D.33

.

5 bring up, train, educate,

ἀγόμενοις ὀρθῶς Pl.Lg. 782d

;

ἤχθη τὴν λεγομένην ἀγωγήν Plu.Ages.1

; of animals, train, X.Mem.4.1.3.

6 reduce,

ἐς βραχὺ τὴν ἀρχήν Hp. VM1

;

ἐς τὸ ἥμισυ Id.Mul.1.78

; of propositions,

εἰς ῥᾳδιξστέραν κατασκευήν Papp.1076.6

.

III draw out in length, τεῖχος ἄ. to draw a line of wall, Th.6.99;

μέλαθρον εἰς ὀρόφους AP9.649

(Maced.);

ὄγμον ἄ. Theoc.10.2

; ἄ. γραμμάς to draw lines, Arist.Top. 101a16; ἤχθωσαν κάθετοι let perpendiculars be drawn, Mete. 373a11; ἄ. ἐπίπεδον describe a plane, Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.7, etc.:—[voice] Pass.,

ἦκται ἡ διῶρυξ Hdt.2.158

, cf. Th.6.100; κόλπου ἀγομένου τῆς γῆς, i.e. when the land forms a bight, Hdt.4.99.

IV hold, celebrate, Ἀπατούρια, ὁρτήν, Hdt. 1.147, 183 (more usu. ἀνάγειν); freq. in [dialect] Att.,

ἄ. ἀγῶνα IG1.53.33

;

θυσίαν, θεωρίαν Isoc.19.10

;

κρεουργὸν ἦμαρ εὐθύμως ἄγειν A.Ag. 1592

;

γάμους Men.Sam. 336

, cf. LXX To.11.19 ([voice] Pass.);

ἐκκλησίαν Plu.Aem.30

:—[voice] Pass.,

ἀγοραῖοι ἄγονται Act.Ap.19.38

.

2 keep, observe a date,

ἄ. τὴν ἡμέραν ταύτην πάντα τὸν χρόνον Th.5.54

, cf. Men.521;

κατὰ σελήνην τὰς ἡμέρας Ar.Nu. 626

; reckon,

τοὺς ἐνιαυτοὺς καθ' ἥλιον Gem.8.6

.

3 keep, observe,

ὀρθὰν ἄγεις ἐφημοσύναν Pi.P. 6.20

;

σπονδὰς ἄ. πρός τινας Th.6.7

;

εἰρήνην Pl.R. 465b

, etc.: c. acc., as periphr. for a neut. Verb, σχολὴν ἄγειν, = σχολάζειν, E.Med. 1238, Pl.R. 376d; ἡσυχίαν ἄ., = ἡσυχάξειν, X.An.3.1.14;

ἄ. ἀπαστίαν Ar. Nu. 621

; κρύψιν ἄ., of stars betw. setting and rising, Autol.2.9; keep up, sustain, maintain,

νεῖκος Pi.P.9.31

; γέλωτ' ἄγειν to keep laughing, S.Aj. 382;

ἄ. κτύπον E.Or. 182

(lyr.); with predicate, maintain,

ἐλευθέραν ἦγε τὴν Ἑλλάδα D.9.36

.

4 of Time, pass,

ἀπήμαντον ἄγων βίοτον Pi.O.8.87

; ποίας ἡμέρας δοκεῖς μ' ἄγειν; S.El. 266;

ὁ βίος οὑμὸς ἑσπέραν ἄγει Alex.228

, cf. ὥραν ἄγειν to be ripe,

τῆς γαστρὸς ὥραν ἀγούσης Philostr.VA2.14

; ὥραν ἦγε θανάτου Chor.p.38B.;

τῆς ἡλικίας ἄγον τὸ ἄνθος Id.p.53

B.;

τέταρτον ἔτος ἄγων καὶ τριακοστόν Gal.Lib. Propr.1

.

5 of beliefs, hold,

αἵρεσιν Plb.27.15.14

.

V hold account, treat,

ἄ. ἀρετὰν οὐκ αἴσχιον φυᾶς Pi.I.7(6).22

; ἐν τιμῇ ἄγειν or ἄγεσθαι, ἐν οὐδεμιῇ μοίρῃ ἄ., περὶ πλείστου ἄ., Hdt.1.134, 2.172, 9.7, etc.; θεοὺς ἄ. to believe in, A.Supp. 924; διὰ τιμῆς ἄ. τινά, etc., Luc. Prom.Es4, etc.;

τὸ πρᾶγμ' ἄ... ὡς παρ' οὐδέν S.Ant.34

;

τὴν Ἀφροδίτην πρόσθ' ἄ. τοῦ Βακχίου E.Ba. 225

;

τιμιώτερον ἄ. τινά Th.8.81

;

εὐεργεσίας εἰς ἀχαριστίαν καὶ προπηλακισμὸν ἄ. D.18.316

:—with Adverbs,

δυσφόρως τοὔνειδος ἦγον S.OT 784

;

ἐντίμως ἄ. Pl.R. 528c

, etc.:—[voice] Pass.,

ἠγόμην δ' ἀνὴρ ἀστῶν μέγιστος S.OT 775

.

VI draw down in the scale, hence, weigh, ἄ. μνᾶν, τριακοσίους δαρεικούς, etc., weigh a mina, 300 darics, etc., D.22.76, 24.129, cf. Philippid.9.4, etc.;

ἄ. πλέον Arist.Pr. 931b15

;

ἄ. σταθμόν Plu.2.96b

.

VII on ἄγε, ἄγετε, v.s. vocc.

B [voice] Med. ἄγομαι, carry away for oneself,

χρυσόν τε καὶ ἄργυρον οἴκαδ' ἄγεσθαι Od.10.35

; take with one, 6.58, E.Heracl. 808, etc.; of a ship's cargo, D.35.20; take to oneself,

δῶρον Theoc.1.9

, cf. 11; take upon oneself,

ἄγεσθαι ἐς χεῖρας Hdt.1.126

, 4.79.

2 ἄγεσθαι γυναῖκα take to oneself a wife, Od.14.211;

γυναῖκα ἄ. ἐς τὰ οἰκία Hdt.1.59

, etc.;

ἄγεσθαί τινα ἐς δῶμα Hes.Th. 410

; simply ἄ. marry, Hdt.2.47, etc.: [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. ἦγμαι is used in this med. sense, J.AJ14.12.1; of the father, bring home a wife for his son, Od.4.10, Hdt.1.34; of a brother, Od.15.238; of friends of the bridegroom and bride, Od.6.28, Hes.Sc. 274: later in [voice] Pass. of the wife, PGnom. 138 (ii A.D.).

3 like [voice] Act., bring; διὰ στόμα ἄγεσθαι μῦθον bring through the mouth, i.e. utter, Il.14.91.

βίος, ου, ὁ (s. βιόω; Hom.+; Hermas prefers ζωή) ‘life’ in its appearance and manifestations freq. distinguished from ζωή, the condition of being alive, cp. Plotin. 3, 7, 11, 4; Schmidt, Syn. 327–30. Although there is freq. overlapping in usage, βίος may be said to denote the manner in which one’s ζωή finds expression (cp. Plut., Mor. 114d τῆς ζωῆς βίος), and the latter term may be used to connote quality of existence as such (cp. IPriene 105, 10 the birth of Augustus marked the ‘beginning of life (βίος) and living (ζωή)’; s. also line 49; cp. Od. 15, 491; X. Mem. 3, 3, 11 and Cass. Dio 69, 19 ‘Here lies Similis, alive [βιόω] for a number of years, but really living [ζάω] for seven’.). Hence, as the semantic history shows, the loss of βίος need not terminate ζωή (q.v.).

① life and activity associated w. it, life (Hdt. 6, 109, 3; cp. Aeschyl., Prom. 537 al.; pap, LXX) 2 Cl 1:6. χρόνος τοῦ βίου time of life 1 Pt 4:3 v.l. εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὸν β. come to life Dg 1 of a new way of living. ἀποτάσσεσθαι τῷ βίῳ bid farewell to life (as the world knows it) IPhld 11:1; ὁ νῦν β. the present life (Ael. Aristid. 30, 20 K.=10 p. 121 D.) 2 Cl 20:2 and its ἡδοναί pleasures (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 143) Lk 8:14; IRo 7:3. Contrasted w. it is life beyond the grave μέλλων β. (Diod S 8, 15, 1; Maximus Tyr. 41, 5f) 2 Cl 20:2 or ἄλλος β. (Sallust. 18 p. 34, 10 ἕτερος β., which involves punishment; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 218 β. ἀμείνων) IEph 9:2 (ὅλον cj.). αἱ τ. βίου πραγματεῖαι the affairs of everyday life 2 Ti 2:4. W. qualifying terms denoting personal conduct (Himerius, Or. 41 [=Or. 7], 1 ἥμερος β.; BGU 372 II, 2 ἀνδράσι πονηρὸν καὶ λῃστρικὸν βίον ποιουμένοις; Wsd 4:9; 5:4; 4 Macc 1:15; 7:7; 8:8 Ἑλληνικὸς β.) ἄνομος β. MPol 3. Opp. ἐνάρετος β. 1 Cl 62:1; β. παράσημον ἀσκεῖν lead a strange/outlandish life Dg 5:2. Pl. of the way of life of several pers. (Diod S 3, 34, 8; 3, 35, 1; Strabo 3, 3, 7; Jos., Vi. 256b) 5:10. Prob. 1 Ti 2:2 has a sim. thrust lead an orderly life (= one that does not disturb the peace) ἡσύχιον β. διάγειν (Ath. 37, 1; cp. PSI 541 ἵνα εὐσχημονῶν κ. ἀνέγκλητος … τὸν βίον ἔχω).

② (Hes. et al.; Hdt., X.) resources needed to maintain life, means of subsistence (UPZ 14, 32 [158 B.C.]; Pr 31:14) Dg 5:4. Specif. property (Eur., Suppl. 861 in Diog. L. 7, 22; Diod S 12, 40, 3; Vett. Val. index; SIG 708, 33; 762, 40; PCairPreis 2, 13; PGM 13, 636f αὔξησόν μου τὸν βίον ἐν πολλοῖς ἀγαθοῖς; SSol 8:7; 2 Esdr 7:26; Jos., Ant. 1, 326) Mk 12:44; Lk 8:43; 15:12, 30; 21:4 (Julian, Anth. Pal. 6, 25, 5f: the insignificant gift of poor Cinyres to the nymphs was his ὅλος βίος); β. τοῦ κόσμου worldly goods 1J 3:17. ἀλαζονεία τοῦ β. 2:16.—B. 285; 769. Schmidt, Syn. IV 40–53. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

δικαιοσύνη, ης, ἡ (s. δίκαιος; Theognis, Hdt.+) gener. the quality of being upright. Theognis 1, 147 defines δ. as the sum of all ἀρετή; acc. to Demosth. (20, 165) it is the opp. of κακία. A strict classification of δ. in the NT is complicated by freq. interplay of abstract and concrete aspects drawn from OT and Gr-Rom. cultures, in which a sense of equitableness combines with awareness of responsibility within a social context.

① the quality, state, or practice of judicial responsibility w. focus on fairness, justice, equitableness, fairness

ⓐ of human beings (a common theme in honorary ins, e.g. IPriene 71, 14f; 22f of a judge named Alexis; Danker, Benefactor 346–48; cp. Aristot., EN 5, 1, 8, 1129a τὸ μὲν δίκαιον ἄρα τὸ νόμιμον καὶ τὸ ἴσον ‘uprightness consists of that which is lawful and fair’; Ath. 34:2 ἔστι δὲ δ. ἴσα ἴσοις ἀμείβειν ‘uprightness means to answer like with like’; for association of δ. with judgment s. also Diog. L. 3, 79; in contexts of praise δ. suggests authority involving juridical responsibility FX 7, ’81, 255 n. 229) δ. κρίσεως ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος uprightness is the beginning and end of judgment B 1:6. Melchizedek as βασιλεὺς δικαιοσύνης Hb 7:2. ἐργάζεσθαι δικαιοσύνην administer justice Hb 11:33; κρίνειν ἐν δ. (Ps 71:2f; 95:13; Sir 45:26; PsSol 8:24) judge justly Ac 17:31, cp. Mk 16:14 v.l. (Freer ms. line 5 in N. app.); Ro 9:28 v.l. (Is 10:22). ποιεῖν κρίμα καὶ δ. practice justice and uprightness 1 Cl 13:1 (Jer 9:23). καθιστάναι τοὺς ἐπισκοπούς ἐν δ. appoint overseers in uprightness= who will serve justly 1 Cl 42:5 (Is 60:17). David rejoices in God’s δ. 1 Cl 18:15 (Ps 50:16; s. ἀγαλλιάω, end).

ⓑ of transcendent figures (Pla. τὴν δ. θεοῦ νόμον ὑπελάμβανεν ‘considered divine justice [i.e. apportionment of reward or retribution in accordance with behavior] a principle’ or ‘system’ that served as a deterrent of crime Diog. L. 3, 79). Of an apocalyptic horseman ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ κρινεῖ Rv 19:11.

② quality or state of juridical correctness with focus on redemptive action, righteousness. Equitableness is esp. associated w. God (cp. Paradoxogr. Vat. 43 Keller αἰτεῖται παρὰ τ. θεῶν οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν δικαιοσύνης), and in our lit. freq. in connection w. exercise of executive privilege in conferring a benefit. Hence God’s δ. can be the opposite of condemnation 2 Cor 3:9 (s. below); in it God is revealed as judge Rom 3:5—in contrast to human wrath, which beclouds judgment—displaying judicial integrity 3:25 (on this pass. s. also below). Cp. ἐκάλεσά σε ἐν δ. B 14:7 (Is 42:6). Also of equitable privilege allotted by God 2 Pt 1:1.—In Pauline thought the intimate association of God’s interest in retaining a reputation for justice that rewards goodness and requites evil, while at the same time working out a plan of salvation for all humanity, complicates classification of his use of δικαιοσύνη. On the one hand, God’s δ. is pardoning action, and on the other a way of sharing God’s character with believers, who then exhibit righteousness in the moral sense. God achieves this objective through exercise of executive privilege in dispensing justice equitably without reference to νόμος by making salvation available to all humanity (which shares a common problem of liability to wrath by being unanimously in revolt against God Ro 3:9–18, 23) through faith in God’s action in Jesus Christ. The genitival constr. δ. θεοῦ accents the uniqueness of this δ.: Ro 1:17; 3:21f, 25, 26 (s. these pass. also below; Reumann, 3c end); 10:3, and δ. alone 5:21; 9:30 (3 times); 2 Cor 3:9 (opp. κατάκρισις; cp. Dg 9:3; 5). 2 Cor 5:21 may belong here if δ. is viewed as abstract for concrete=δικαιωθέντες (but s. below). All these refer to righteousness bestowed by God cp. ἡ δωρεὰ τῆς δ. Ro 5:17, also 1 Cor 1:30 (sim. 1QS 11, 9–15; 1QH 4, 30–37). In this area it closely approximates salvation (cp. Is 46:13; 51:5 and s. NSnaith, Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 207–22, esp. 218–22; EKäsemann, ZTK 58, ’61, 367–78 [against him RBultmann, JBL 83, ’64, 12–16]). According to some interpreters hunger and thirst for uprightness Mt 5:6 perh. offers (but s. 3a below) a related eschatological sense (‘Kingdom of God’, FNötscher, Biblica 31, ’50, 237–41=Vom A zum NT, ’62, 226–30).—Keeping the law cannot bring about uprightness Ro 3:21; Gal 2:21; 3:21, because δ. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου uprightness based on the law Ro 10:5 (cp. 9:30f), as ἰδία δ. one’s own (self-made) upr. 10:3, is impossible. God’s δ. without ref. to νόμος is to be apprehended by faith Ro 1:17; 3:22, 26; 4:3ff, 13; 9:30; 10:4, 6, 10 (cp. Hb 11:7 ἡ κατὰ πίστιν δ. righteousness based on faith; s. B-D-F §224, 1), for which reason faith is ‘calculated as righteousness’ (Gen 15:6; Ps 105:31; 1 Macc 2:52) Ro 4:3, 5f, 9, 11, 13, 22; Gal 3:6 (cp. Hb 11:7; Js 2:23; AMeyer, D. Rätsel des Jk 1930, 86ff; 1 Cl 10:6; B 13:7). Of Jesus as our righteousness 1 Cor 1:30.—As gift and power Ro 5:17, 21, and because it is intimately associated with the δύναμις of Christ’s resurrection Phil 3:9f (s. below), this righteousness enables the redeemed to respond and serve God faithfully Ro 6:13 (in wordplay opp. of ἀδικία), 16, 18ff; cp. 1 Cor 1:30 of Christ as instrument of God’s gift of δ.; 2 Cor 3:9. Thus God’s δ. functions as δύναμις 6:7 within Christians 5:21 (i.e. the way God acts in justifying or restoring people to a relationship with God’s self serves as a model for Christian interaction; for a difft. view, s. above) through the Spirit (Ro 8:9) and assures them they will have life that will be fully realized at the end of the age Ro 8:10f; for the time being it is a matter of hope ἐλπὶς δικαιοσύνης Gal 5:5 (cp. Is 51:5); cp. ἡ ἐκ θεοῦ δ. Phil 3:9. Pol 8:1 shares Paul’s view: Christ as ἀρραβὼν τῆς δ.—God’s uprightness as gift τοῦ κυρίου τοῦ ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς στάξαντος τὴν δ. who distills uprightness on you Hv 3, 9, 1.—Such perspectives offer a transition to specific ways in which the redeemed express uprightness.

③ the quality or characteristic of upright behavior, uprightness, righteousness

ⓐ of uprightness in general: Mt 5:6 (cp. 6:33; some interpret 5:6 in an eschatological sense, s. 2 above; on desire for δ. cp. ἐπιθυμία τῆς δ. Hm 12, 2, 4); Mt 5:10, 20 (s. b, below); Hm 10, 1, 5; Dg 10:8; λόγος δικαιοσύνης Hb 5:13; Pol 9:1 (s. also Epict., Fgm. Stob. 26; when a man is excited by the λόγος in meetings, he should give expression to τὰ τῆς δικαιοσύνης λόγια). πάσχειν διὰ δ. 1 Pt 3:14. ἄγγελος τῆς δ. Hm 6, 2, 1; 3; 8; 10. ῥήματα δ. 8:9. 10, 1, 5; Dg 10:8; Pol 2:3; 3:1; ἐντολὴ δ. commandment of upr. Pol 3:3; 9:1.—Mt 6:33 of the kind of δ. God expects (on δ. as characteristic required by God acc. to Jewish perspective s. Bousset, Rel.³ 387ff; 379ff; 423; cp. KFahlgren, Sẹdāḳā, nahestehende u. entgegengesetzte Begriffe im Alten Testament, diss. Uppsala ’32.—S. Diog. L. 3, 83 on Plato’s view of δικαιοσύνη περὶ θεούς or δ. πρὸς τοὺς θεούς=performance of prescribed duties toward gods; s. also ref. to 3, 79 at 1b above). Christ’s δ. Dg 9:3, 5. διαλέγεσθαι περὶ δ. Ac 24:25. Opp. ἀδικία (Hippol., Ref. 4, 43, 12; Did., Gen. 20, 27) 2 Cl 19:2; Dg 9:1. As ἀρετή Hm 1:2; Hs 6, 1, 4; 8, 10, 3. Opp. ἀνομία 2 Cor 6:14; cp. 2 Cor. 11:15 (ironical); Hb 1:9 (Ps 44:8); ἁμαρτία, which is the dominating power before δ. θεοῦ comes into play Ro 6:16, 18–20; cp. 1 Pt 2:24. ἐργάζεσθαι δ. (Ps 14:2) do what is right Ac 10:35; accomplish righteousness Js 1:20 (W-S. §30, 7g); Hv 2, 2, 7; 2, 3, 3; m 5, 1, 1; 12, 3, 1; 12, 6, 2; Hs 9, 13, 7. Also ἔργον δικαιοσύνης ἐργάζεσθαι 1 Cl 33:8. Opp. οὐδὲν ἐργάζεσθαι τῇ δ. Hs 5, 1, 4; ποιεῖν (τὴν) δ. (2 Km 8:15; Ps 105:3; Is 56:1; 58:2; 1 Macc 14:35 al.) do what is right 1J 2:29; 3:7, 10; Rv 22:11; 2 Cl 4:2; 11:7. Also πράσσειν τὴν δ. 2 Cl 19:3; διώκειν τὴν δ. (cp. Sir 27:8 διώκ. τὸ δίκαιον) seek to attain/achieve upr. Ro 9:30; 1 Ti 6:11; 2 Ti 2:22; 2 Cl 18:2; δ. ἀσκεῖν Hm 8:10. ὁδὸς (τῆς) δ. (ὁδός 3ab) Mt 21:32; 2 Pt 2:21; B 1:4; 5:4. προπορεύσεται ἔμπροσθεν σου ἡ δ. 3:4 (Is 58:8); cp. 4:12. κατορθοῦσθαι τὰς ὁδοὺς ἐν δ. walk uprightly Hv 2, 2, 6; τῇ δ. ζήσωμεν live uprightly 1 Pt 2:24. πύλη δ. gate of upr. 1 Cl 48:2 (Ps 117:19), cp. vs. 4. ἐν οἷς δ. κατοικεῖ (cp. Is 32:16) in which righteousness dwells 2 Pt 3:13. Of Christ’s body δικαιοσύνης ναο͂ς AcPlCor 2:17. παιδεία ἡ ἐν δ. training in uprightness 2 Ti 3:16. ἔργα τὰ ἐν δ. righteous deeds Tit 3:5. λαμπρότης ἐν δ. rejoicing in uprightness 1 Cl 35:2; ἐχθρὸς πάσης δ. enemy of every kind of upr. Ac 13:10. W. ὁσιότης (Wsd 9:3): holiness and upr. (as the relig. and moral side of conduct; cp. 1QS 1:5; 8:2; 11:9–15; 1QH 4:30f) Lk 1:75 (λατρεύειν ἐν δ. as Josh 24:14); Eph 4:24; 1 Cl 48:4. W. πίστις (OGI 438, 8; 1 Macc 14:35; Just., D. 110, 3) Pol 9:2; cp. 2 Pt 1:1. With εἰρήνη (Is 39:8; 48:18) and χαρά Ro 14:17; cp. 1 Cl 3:4; Hb 7:2 (but s. 1a, above). W. ἀλήθεια (Is 45:19; 48:1) Eph 5:9; 1 Cl 31:2; 62:2; Hs 9, 25, 2. W. ἀγάπη 2 Cl 12:1. W. ἀγαθωσύνη Eph 5:9. W. ἁγνεία Hs 9, 16, 7. W. γνῶσις κυρίου (cp. Pr 16:8) D 11:2. ὅπλα (τῆς) δ. tools or weapons of uprightness Ro 6:13; 2 Cor 6:7; Pol 4:1; θῶραξ τῆς δ. (Is 59:17; Wsd 5:18) breastplate of upr. Eph 6:14. τέκνα δικαιοσύνης (opp. ὀργῆς) AcPlCor 2:19. διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης servants of upr. 2 Cor 11:15; Pol 5:2; μισθός δ. D 5:2; B 20:2; μέρος δ. portion in (eternal salvation) which is meant for righteousness ApPt Rainer 6; καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης (Pr 3:9; 11:30; 13:2) produce of uprightness (ApcSed 12:5) Phil 1:11; Hb 12:11; Js 3:18; Hs 9, 19, 2; GJs 6:3. ὁ τῆς δ. στέφανος the crown of upr. (w. which the upright are adorned; cp. TestLevi 8:2; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 258; a common theme in honorary ins recognizing distinguished public service, s. indexes SIG, OGI and other ins corpora; Danker, Benefactor 345–47; s. also the boast of Augustus, s.v. δίκαιος 1aα) 2 Ti 4:8; cp. ἡ τ. δικαιοσύνης δόξα the glory of upr. ending of Mk in the Freer ms. ln. 11f. Described as a characteristic to be taught and learned, because it depends on a knowledge of God’s will: κῆρυξ δ. preacher of upr. 2 Pt 2:5 (cp. Ar. 15:2 τῇ δ. τοῦ κηρύγματος). διδάσκειν δ. teach upr. (of Paul) 1 Cl 5:7. μέρος τι ἐκ τῆς δ. a portion of uprightness Hv 3, 1, 6; cp. 3, 6, 4; δ. μεγάλην ἐργάζεσθαι m 8:2.—ἐλέγχειν περὶ δικαιοσύνης convict w. regard to uprightness (of Jesus) J 16:8, 10 (s. WHatch, HTR 14, 1921, 103–5; HWindisch: Jülicher Festschr. 1927, 119f; HTribble, Rev. and Expos. 32, ’37, 269–80; BLindars, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 275–85).

ⓑ of specific action righteousness in the sense of fulfilling divine expectation not specifically expressed in ordinances (Orig., C. Cels. 7, 18, 39; Did., Gen. 188, 27: οἱ κατὰ δ. ζῶντες) Mt 3:15=ISm 1:1; of a superior type Mt 5:20 (s. JMoffatt, ET 13, 1902, 201–6, OOlevieri, Biblica 5, 1924, 201ff; Betz, SM 190f); not to win plaudits 6:1. To please outsiders as well as oneself 2 Cl 13:1. W. characteristic restriction of mng. mercy, charitableness (cp. Tob 12:9) of God, whose concern for the poor 2 Cor 9:9 (Ps 111:9) is exemplary for the recipients of the letter vs. 10; participation in such activity belongs, according to Mt 6:1f (cp. δίκαιος 1:19: Joseph combines justice and mercy), to the practice of piety (on the development of the word’s mng. in this direction s. Bousset, Rel.³ 380). Pl. (B-D-F §142; W-S. §27, 4d; Rob. 408 δικαιοσύναι righteous deeds (Ezk 3:20; 33:13; Da 9:18) 2 Cl 6:9. δικαιοσύναι righteous deeds (Ezk 3:20; 33:13; Da 9:18; TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 12 [Stone p. 30]) 2 Cl 6:9. ἀρετὴ δικαιοσύνης Hm 1:2; Hs 6, 1, 4; cp. 8, 10, 3.

ⓒ uprightness as determined by divine/legal standards δ. θεοῦ upr. that meets God’s standard Js 1:20 (W-S. 30, §7g).—Ro 10:5; Gal 2:21; 3:21; Phil 3:6; 3:9.—ASchmitt, Δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ: JGeffcken Festschr. ’31, 111–31; FHellegers, D. Gerechtigkeit Gottes im Rö., diss. Tüb. ’39; AOepke, TLZ 78, ’53, 257–64.—Dodd 42–59; ADescamps, Studia Hellenistica, ’48, 69–92.—S. also JRopes, Righteousness in the OT and in St. Paul: JBL 22, 1903, 211ff; JGerretsen, Rechtvaardigmaking bij Pls 1905; GottfrKittel, StKr 80, 1907, 217–33; ETobac, Le problème de la Justification dans S. Paul 1908; EDobschütz, Über d. paul. Rechtfertigungslehre: StKr 85, 1912, 38–87; GWetter, D. Vergeltungsged. b. Pls 1912, 161ff; BWestcott, St. Paul and Justification 1913; WMacholz, StKr 88, 1915, 29ff; EBurton ICC, Gal. 1921, 460–74; WMichaelis, Rechtf. aus Glauben b. Pls: Deissmann Festschr. 1927, 116–38; ELohmeyer, Grundlagen d. paul. Theologie 1929, 52ff; HBraun, Gerichtsged. u. Rechtfertigungslehre b. Pls. 1930; OZänker, Δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ b. Pls: ZST 9, ’32, 398–420; FFilson, St. P.’s Conception of Recompense ’31; WGrundmann, ZNW 32, ’33, 52–65; H-DWendland, D. Mitte der paul. Botschaft ’35; RGyllenberg, D. paul. Rechtfertigungslehre u. das AT: Studia Theologica (Riga) I ’35, 35–52; HJager, Rechtvaardiging en zekerheid des geloofs (Ro 1:16f; 3:21–5:11) ’39; HHofer, D. Rechtfertigungsverk. des Pls nach neuerer Forschg. ’40; VTaylor, Forgiveness and Reconciliation ’41; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 266–80, Eng. tr. KGrobel ’51, I 270–85; SSchulz, ZTK 56, ’59, 155–85 (Qumran and Paul); CMüller, FRL 86, ’64 (Ro 9–11); JBecker, Das Heil Gottes, ’64; PStuhlmacher, Gerechtigkeit Gottes b. Paulus, ’65; JReumann, Int 20, ’66, 432–52 (Ro 3:21–31); HBraun, Qumran II, ’66, 165–80; JZiesler, The Mng. of Righteousness in Paul, ’72; ESanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism, ’77 (s. index 625; appendix by MBrauch 523–42 rev. of discussions in Germany); SWilliams, JBL 99, ’80, 241–90.—CPerella, De justificatione sec. Hb: Biblica 14, ’33, 1–21; 150–69. S. also the lit. on πίστις and ἁμαρτία.—On the whole word s. RAC X 233–360; AKöberle, Rechtfertigung u. Heiligung 1930; EDNT I 325–30.—DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. EDNT.TW. Sv.

ζάω contr. ζῶ (Hom.+) impf. ἔζων (Ro 7:9 B ἔζην; on this form s. Schwyzer I 675; B-D-F §88; Mlt-H. 194, both w. ref.); fut. ζήσω (uniformly attested Ro 6:2; Hb 12:9); the later (since Hippocr. VII p. 536 L.; LXX; AscIs 3:9; Jos., Ant. 1, 193 al.) form ζήσομαι (B-D-F §77; Rob. 356) is more common (on the fut. forms s. JLee, NovT 22, ’80, 289–98; GKilpatrick, ibid. 25, ’83, 146–51); 1 aor. ἔζησα. On the LXX usage s. Thackeray 269; for forms in pap, Gignac II 370.

① to be alive physically, live

ⓐ of physical life in contrast to death

α. gener. Ac 22:22; Ro 7:1, 2, 3; 14:8ac; 1 Cor 7:39; 2 Cor 5:15a; 6:9; Hb 9:17. ψυχὴ ζῶσα a living soul (Gen 1:20 al.; Just., D. 6, 1 ζῇ ψυχῇ) 1 Cor 15:45 (Gen 2:7); Rv 16:3 v.l. ὅσα ἔτη ζῇ as many years as he lives B 10:6 (cp. SIG 663, 6; Sb 173, 6 Αὐρήλιος ζήσας ἔτη νε´; En 10:10). τὸ ζῆν life (Attic wr., ins, pap, LXX) ὥστε ἐξαπορηθῆναι ἡμᾶς καὶ τοῦ ζῆν so that we even despaired of life 2 Cor 1:8. διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ζῆν during the whole lifetime Hb 2:15 (cp. Diod S 1, 74, 3 διατελεῖν πάντα τὸν τοῦ ζῆν χρόνον; 4, 46, 4). ἔτι ζῶν while he was still living= before his death Mt 27:63 (CB I/2 660 no. 618 Ζώσιμος ἔτι ζῶν κατεσκεύασεν; 3 Km 12:6). ζῶντες ἐβλήθησαν … εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός they were thrown alive into the lake of fire Rv 19:20. ζῶσα τέθνηκεν though alive she is dead 1 Ti 5:6 (cp. Sextus 7). ἡμεῖς οἱ ζῶντες we during our (earthly) life 2 Cor 4:11; the same phrase= we who are still living 1 Th 4:15, 17. Here the opp. is νεκροί, as in Mt 22:32; Mk 12:27; Lk 20:38a. ζῶντες καὶ νεκροί the living and the dead Ac 10:42; Ro 14:9b; 2 Ti 4:1; 1 Pt 4:5; 2 Cl 1:1; B 7:2.—Occasionally the contrast betw. νεκρός and ζῆν is used fig. with ref. to the realm of religion and ethics Lk 15:24 v.l., 32.

β. of dead persons who return to life become alive again: of humans in general (3 Km 17:23) Mt 9:18; Ac 9:41; 20:12; Rv 20:4, 5; AcPl Ha 11, 7. Of Jesus Mk 16:11; Lk 24:5, 23; Ac 1:3; 25:19; Ro 14:9a; 2 Cor 13:4a; Rv 1:18b; 2:8 (Just., D. 69, 6 νεκροὺς … ζῆν ποιήσας).

γ. of sick persons, if their illness terminates not in death but in recovery be well, recover (Artem. 4, 4 ἔζησεν ὁ παῖς=became well; 5, 71; 72; PGM 1, 188; 4 Km 1:2; 8:8 εἰ ζήσομαι ἐκ τῆς ἀρρωστίας μου ταύτης; Jos., Vi. 421) Mk 5:23; J 4:50, 51, 53.—Of removal of anxiety 1 Th 3:8.

δ. also of healthy persons live on, remain alive (X., An. 3, 2, 39 ὅστις δὲ ζῆν ἐπιθυμεῖ πειράσθω νικᾶν; Ep. 56 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 359, 14]; ApcMos 31 διὰ τί σὺ ἀποθνῄσκεις καγὼ ζῶ;) Ac 25:24; 28:4. ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ ζήσομεν Js 4:15. ὸ̓ς ἔχει τὴν πληγὴν τῆς μαχαίρης καὶ ἔζησεν Rv 13:14.

ε. of beings that in reality, or as they are portrayed, are not subject to death: of Melchizedek Hb 7:8 (opp. ἀποθνῄσκοντες ἄνθρωποι). Jesus as everlasting high priest πάντοτε ζῶν 7:25.—In this sense it is most comprehensively applied to God (s. CBurchard, Untersuch. zu JosAs p. 103) (ὁ) θεὸς (ὁ) ζῶν (cp. 4 Km 19:4, 16; Is 37:4, 17; Hos 2:1; Da 6:21 Theod.; 3 Macc 6:28; TestAbr A 17 p. 99, 10 [Stone p. 46]; TestJob 37:2; JosAs 49:3 al.; SibOr 3, 763; POxy 924, 11 [IV A.D., Gnostic]; PGM 4, 1038 ὁ μέγας ζῶν θεός; 7, 823; 12, 79; Philo, Decal. 67 ὁ ζῶν ἀεὶ θεός; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 59, 18.—The phrase ‘the living God’ is not found in Joseph.) Mt 16:16; 26:63; J 6:69 v.l.; Ac 14:15; Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 3:3; 6:16; 1 Th 1:9; 1 Ti 3:15; 4:10; 6:17 v.l.; Hb 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22; Rv 1:18a; 4:10; 7:2; 10:6; 2 Cl 20:2; GJs 20:1; AcPl Ha 2, 32; also ὁ ζῶν πατήρ J 6:57. W. the addition εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων Rv 15:7; cp. 4:9 (cp. Tob 13:2; Sir 18:1). God takes a sovereign oath in the words ζῶ ἐγώ as surely as I live (Num 14:28 al.) Ro 14:11 (Is 49:18; classical parallels GStählin, NovT 5, ’62, 142 n. 2). ζῇ κύριος ὁ θεός [μου] as surely as the Lord my God lives GJs 4:1; 6:1; 13:3; 15:3; 19:3 (Judg 8:19; 1 Km 25:34 al; GrBar 1:7; cp. ApcEsdr 2:7); in expanded form καὶ ζῇ ὁ Χριστὸς αὐτοῦ 15:4 (s. deStrycker ad loc.).—Christ lives διὰ τὸν πατέρα because of the Father J 6:57b (s. Bultmann, comm. ad loc.).

ⓑ w. mention of that upon which life depends ἐπί τινι on the basis of someth. (Andoc. 1, 100; Isocr. 10, 18; Ael. Aristid. 28, 103 K.=49 p. 525 D.) ζ. ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ live on bread Mt 4:4; Lk 4:4 (both Dt 8:3). ζ. ἔκ τινος obtain one’s living fr. someth. (Aristoph., Eccl. 591; Demosth. 57, 36; POxy 1117, 19; 1557, 12; TestJob 47:1f) 1 Cor 9:14.

ⓒ w. more precise mention of the sphere (Artem. 3, 62 ἐν ἀγορᾷ ζ.=spend his life in the marketplace) ζ. ἐν σαρκί live in the flesh in contrast to the heavenly life Phil 1:22; Gal 2:20c; ζ. ἐν κόσμῳ live in the world Col 2:20. ζ. ἐν θεῷ, live in God (as the Being who penetrates and embraces everything) Ac 17:28 (s. κινέω 3). For AcPl Ha 1, 15 s. 2a end.

② to live in a transcendent sense, live, of the sanctified life of a child of God (ζῆν in the sense of a higher type of life than the animal: X., Mem. 3, 3, 11; Cass. Dio 69, 19: after years of public service, Similis retires and prepares this epitaph: Σίμιλις ἐνταύθα κεῖται βιοὺς μὲν ἔτη τόσα, ζήσας δὲ ἔτη ἑπτά=Here lies Similis, existing for so many years, but alive for only seven.).

ⓐ in the world ἐγὼ ἔζων χωρὶς νόμου ποτέ I was once (truly) alive without law (this has been interpr. to mean when no law existed; Paul is then regarded as speaking fr. the viewpoint of humanity in paradise before the command Gen 2:16 f; 3:3. Another interpr. thinks of Paul as referring to the period in his life when he was not conscious of the existence and significance of the law. In view of Paul’s climactic affirmation in Ro 7:25, Paul probably illustrates in the first person the perils of a Christian who succumbs to the illusion that moral action is connected with law rather than with the ‘spirit of life in Christ’ Ro 8:2) Ro 7:9. Even now those who listen to the voice of the Son of God enjoy this life J 5:25; cp. 11:26; likew. those who receive him into their being ὁ τρώγων τὸν ἄρτον 6:57c; cp. Ro 6:11, 13 (ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας); Gal 2:19; Rv 3:1. This heavenly life on earth is a ζ. πνεύματι Gal 5:25 or a life not of mere human achievement, but of Christ who lives in Christians 2:20ab. Also of the superhuman power of the apostle ζήσομεν σὺν αὐτῷ ἐκ δυνάμεως θεοῦ εἰς ὑμᾶς we shall live with him (Christ) through God’s power in our dealings with you 2 Cor 13:4. ὁ κύριος βούλεται ζῆν ἡμᾶς ἐν θεῷ=the Lord wills that we live under God’s direction AcPl Ha 1, 15 (opp. ἀποθανεῖν ἐν ἁμαρτίαις; s. 1c end)

ⓑ in the glory of the life to come (Sir 48:11; cp. Dt 4:1; 8:1; 30:16).

α. abs. Lk 10:28; J 11:25; 14:19; Ro 8:13b; Hb 12:9. ἐμοὶ τ. ζῆν Χριστός= life is possible for me only where Christ is (hence death is gain) Phil 1:21 (s. OSchmitz, GHeinrici Festschr. 1914, 155–69). Another common interpr. is for me to live is Christ, i.e. while I am alive I experience real life in connection with Christ; w. death comes life in all fullness in the presence of Jesus.

β. More specifically εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα have eternal life (Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 17 ζῆν εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα; PsSol 14:2) J 6:51, 58 (in J the blessed life which the follower of Jesus enjoys here and now in the body is simply continued in the heavenly life of the future. In other respects also the dividing line betw. the present and the future life is somet. nonexistent or at least not discernible); B 6:3; 8:5; 9:2; 11:10f; ἅμα σὺν αὐτῷ (i.e. Χριστῷ) ζ. live together with Christ 1 Th 5:10; ζ. διʼ αὐτοῦ (i.e. Chr.) 1J 4:9; ζ. κατὰ θεὸν πνεύματι live, as God (lives), in the Spirit 1 Pt 4:6. ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται (cp. Hab 2:4) he that is just through faith will have life Ro 1:17 (AFeuillet, NTS 6, ’59, 52–80; but s. Fitzmyer, Ro [AB] ad loc.); Gal 3:11; Hb 10:38. This life is τὸ ἀληθινὸν ζῆν ITr 9:2; IEph 11:1. Christ is called τὸ ἀδιάκριτον ἡμῶν ζῆν our unshakable or inseparable life 3:2. τὸ διὰ παντὸς ἡμῶν ζῆν our total life 1 Mg 1:2—The law-directed pers. believes concerning legal performance: ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὰ ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς (Lev 18:5) Gal 3:12; cp. Ro 10:5 (cp. Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 1 οἱ τοῦτον [= τ. νόμον] φυλάττοντες ἔχονται τῆς σωτηρίας=those who observe law have a firm grip on security).

③ to conduct oneself in a pattern of behavior, live (Hom. et al.)

ⓐ used w. adverbs or other modifiers: adv. (Sallust. 19 p. 34, 25 κακῶς ζῆν [Just., A I, 4, 7]; SIG 889, 13ff; Wsd 14:28; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 198; Ath. 3, 1 δίκην θηρίων) ἀσώτως Lk 15:13. ἐθνικῶς and ἰουδαϊκῶς Gal 2:14. εὐσεβῶς 2 Ti 3:12. πανούργως Hm 3, 3. σωφρόνως κ. δικαίως κ. εὐσεβῶς Tit 2:12 (Plut., Mor. 1108c ζῆν σωφρόνως κ. δικαίως; cp. Diog. L. 10, 132; 140; Ar. 15, 10).—Φαρισαῖος live as a Pharisee Ac 26:5. ἐν πίστει Gal 2:20d. ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ Ro 6:2; ζ. ἐν τούτοις live in these (sins) Col 3:7. κατὰ ἀλήθειαν in keeping w. the truth IEph 6:2 (cp. Philo, Post. Cai. 73 κατὰ βούλημα τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ζ.; Jos., Ant. 4, 302 κατὰ τ. νόμους ζ.; Just., D. 47, 4 κατὰ τὸν νόμον; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 12, 7 κατὰ τὰς θείας γραφάς). κατὰ θεόν 8:1 (cp. SIG 910 A and B). κατὰ Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν IPhld 3:2. κατὰ Χριστιανισμόν live in accordance w. (our) commitment to Christ IMg 10:1. κατὰ σάρκα Ro 8:12f; Dg 5:8; κατὰ κυριακὴν ζ. (opp. σαββατίζειν) include the observance of the Lord’s day in one’s life IMg 9:1. Of a married woman ζ. μετὰ ἀνδρός live w. her husband Lk 2:36 (for the added acc. of extent of time cp. Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 332 D.; Pr 28:16; ἥτις ἔζησεν καλῶς μετʼ ἐμοῦ ἔτη 28, μῆνας 4, ἡμέρας 5: SEG II, 384, 6–8 [restored]; s. also FDanker, Jesus and the New Age ’88, 71).

ⓑ τινί live for someone or someth., for the other’s benefit (Hom. et al.; Demosth. 7, 17 οἳ οὐκ αἰσχύνονται Φιλίππῳ ζῶντες καὶ οὐ τῇ ἑαυτῶν πατρίδι; Dionys. Hal. 3, 17 … παῖδες, τῷ πατρὶ ζῶντες) ζ. τῷ θεῷ (4 Macc 7:19; 16:25; Philo, Mut. Nom. 13, Rer. Div. Her. 111; s. SAalen, NTS 13, ’67, 10) Lk 20:38b (cp. Soph., Ajax 970); Ro 6:10, 11; Gal 2:19; Hm 3:5; AcPl Ha 10, 7; τῷ κυρίῳ Ro 14:8b (cp. Plut., Cleom. 819 [31, 5]). For Christ 2 Cor 5:15; τῷ ἐμῷ βασιλεῖ AcPl Ha 9, 26 (restored after Aa I 112, 14) τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ζ. 1 Pt 2:24; ἑαυτῷ ζ. live for oneself (Menand., Fgm. 646 Kö. οὐχ ἑαυτῷ ζῆν μόνον; Diod S 10, 33, 2 ζ. ἑαυτοῖς=live for themselves) Ro 14:7.

④ to be full of vitality, be lively the ptc. is used fig. w. respect to things (cp. τῶν δένδρων τῶν ζῶντων ParJer 9:3), of spring water in contrast w. cistern water ὕδωρ ζῶν (Gen 26:19; Lev 14:5; Jer 2:13 v.l.; Zech 14:8.—Stagnant water is called ὕ. νεκρόν: Synes., Ep. 114, 254d) J 4:10f (Hdb. exc. on J 4:14); 7:38; D 7:1f (Wengst p. 77 n. 57). ζώσας πηγάς Rv 7:17 v.l.

⑤ to be life-productive, offer life ptc. used w. respect to things (SIG 1173 [138 A.D.], 5 ζῶσαι ἀρεταὶ ἐγένοντο=miracles full of divine life occurred) λόγια ζῶντα words that meant life Ac 7:38. λόγος ζῶν θεοῦ 1 Pt 1:23; cp. Hb 4:12. ὁδὸς ζῶσα a living way 10:20. ἐλπὶς ζῶσα a living hope 1 Pt 1:3.—ζ. is also used of things which serve as descriptions of pers. who communicate divine life: of Christ ὁ ἄρτος ὁ ζῶν J 6:51a. λίθος ζῶν 1 Pt 2:4. Of Christians: θυσία ζῶσα a living sacrifice Ro 12:1. λίθοι ζῶντες 1 Pt 2:5.—τὰ παρὰ ζώσης φωνῆς καὶ μενούσης the (words) of a living and abiding voice Papias (2:4) (opp. ἐκ τῶν βιβλίων).—Lit. s. ζωή end. DELG s.v. ζώω.M-M. TW.

ὅτι (Hom.+) conjunction (B-D-F §396f; 408; 416; 470, 1 al.; Rob. 1032–36, al. [s. index]; HPernot, Études sur la langue des Évang. 1927, 41ff) originally the neuter of ὅστις.

① marker of narrative or discourse content, direct or indirect, that. Used after verbs that denote mental or sense perception, or the transmission of such perception, or an act of the mind, to indicate the content of what is said, etc.

ⓐ after verbs of saying, indicating, etc.: ἀπαγγέλλω, ἀποκρίνομαι, δείκνυμι, δῆλόν (ἐστιν), διδάσκω, εἶπον, ἐμφανίζω, λέγω, μαρτυρέω, ὁμολογέω, φημί etc.; s. the entries in question. Likew. after verbs of swearing, affirming and corresponding formulae: μαρτύρομαι Ac 20:26; Gal 5:3. μάρτυρα τὸν θεὸν ἐπικαλοῦμαι 2 Cor 1:23. ὀμνύω Rv 10:6. Cp. the sim. exprs. πιστὸς ὁ θεός 2 Cor 1:18. ἰδοὺ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Gal 1:20.—2 Cor 11:10. Cp. also φάσις … ὅτι Ac 21:31. αἱ γραφαὶ ὅτι the Scriptures (which state) that Mt 26:54.—On 1J 2:12–14 s. BNoack, NTS 6, ’60, 236–41.

ⓑ after verbs that denote sense perception ἀκούω, θεάομαι, θεωρέω (q.v. 1); s. these entries.

ⓒ after verbs that denote mental perception ἀγνοέω, ἀναγινώσκω, βλέπω (perceive), γινώσκω, γνωστόν ἐστιν, ἐπιγινώσκω, ἐπίσταμαι, θεωρέω (q.v. 2a), καταλαμβάνω, μιμνῄσκομαι, μνημονεύω, νοέω, οἶδα, ὁράω (q.v. A4a), συνίημι, ὑπομιμνῄσκω; s. these entries. In Gal 1:11 ὅτι comes later in the sentence so as to permit the emphatic portion of the subordinate clause to come to the forefront.

ⓓ after verbs of thinking, judging, believing, hoping: δοκέω (q.v. 1d), ἐλπίζω (q.v. 2), κρίνω, λογίζομαι, νομίζω (q.v. 2), οἶμαι, πέπεισμαι, πέποιθα, πιστεύω (q.v. 1aβ), ὑπολαμβάνω; s. these entries. εἶχον τὸν Ἰωάννην ὅτι προφήτης ἦν they held that John was a prophet Mk 11:32 (s. B-D-F §330; 397, 2; Rob. 1029; 1034).

ⓔ after verbs that denote an emotion and its expression ἀγανακτέω, ἐξομολογέομαι, ἐπαινέω, εὐχαριστέω, θαυμάζω, μέλει μοι, συγχαίρω, χαίρω, χάριν ἔχω τινί; s. these entries.

ⓕ Very oft. the subj. of the ὅτι-clause is drawn into the main clause, and becomes the object of the latter: ἐπεγίνωσκον αὐτοὺς ὅτι (=ὅτι αὐτοὶ) σὺν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἦσαν Ac 4:13. οἴδατε τὴν οἰκίαν Στεφανᾶ ὅτι (=ὅτι ἡ οἰκία Σ.) ἐστὶν ἀπαρχή 1 Cor 16:15. Cp. Mt 25:24; Mk 12:34; J 8:54; 9:8; Ac 3:10; 1 Cor 3:20 (Ps 93:11); 1 Th 2:1; Rv 17:8. Somet. the subj. is repeated by a demonstrative pron. in the ὅτι-clause: ἐκήρυσσεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 9:20.—Pass. εἰ Χριστὸς κηρύσσεται ὅτι ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγήγερται (=εἰ κηρύσσεται ὅτι Χρ. ἐκ νεκ. ἐγ.) 1 Cor 15:12.

② marker of explanatory clauses, that

ⓐ as a substitute for the epexegetical inf. (acc. w. inf.) after a preceding demonstrative (B-D-F §394; cp. Rob. 1034) αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ κρίσις, ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν the judgment consists in this, that the light has come J 3:19. ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ ἀγγελία …, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς φῶς ἐστιν 1J 1:5. Cp. 3:16; 4:9, 10. ἐν τούτῳ …, ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος αὐτοῦ δέδωκεν ἡμῖν vs. 13; 5:11. περὶ τούτου … ὅτι about this …, that J 16:19. In ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὅτι … Rv 2:4, ὅτι is epexegetical to a τοῦτο that remains unexpressed. Cp. vs. 6. Of the same order is the use

ⓑ in ellipses τί ὅτι; what (is it) that? why? Lk 2:49; Ac 5:4, 9; Mk 2:16 v.l. (JosAs 16:5).—οὐχ ὅτι (=οὐ λέγω ὅτι) not that, not as if J 6:46; 7:22; 2 Cor 1:24; 3:5; Phil 3:12; 4:11; 2Th 3:9 (so μὴ ὅτι PLond I 42, 43 p. 30 [II B.C.]). ἐπεὶ οὐχ ὅτι since it is not the case that IMg 3:2.—οὐχ οἷον ὅτι Ro 9:6 (s. οἷος).—ὅτι alone is used for εἰς ἐκεῖνο ὅτι with regard to the fact that, in consideration of the fact that (Gen 40:15; Ruth 2:13) ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι; what sort of person is this, (in consideration of the fact) that? Mt 8:27 (but it is prob. that in this and sim. passages the causal force of ὅτι [s. 4 below] comes to the fore). τίς ὁ λόγος οὗτος ὅτι; Lk 4:36. Cp. 16:3; Mk 4:41; J 2:18; 8:22; 9:17; 11:47; 16:9–11.—ὅτι = ἐν τούτῳ ὅτι in that Ro 5:8. ὅτι = περὶ τούτου ὅτι concerning this, that Mt 16:8; Mk 8:17.—On ὅτι=why? (cp. Jos. Ant. 12, 213) Mk 9:11, 28 s. ὅστις 4b.

③ marker introducing direct discourse. In this case it is not to be rendered into English, but to be represented by quotation marks (ὅτι recitativum.—B-D-F §397, 5; 470, 1; EKieckers, IndogF 35, 1915, 21ff; Rob. 1027f. As early as Pla. [Apol. 23, 34 d.—Kühner-G. II, 366f]; Epict. 1, 9, 16; Arrian, Alex. An. 2, 12, 4; 2, 26, 4; 4, 8, 9; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 1, 38 p. 40; POxy 744, 11 [1 B.C.]; 119, 10; 1064, 5; LXX; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 10 [Stone p. 18]; TestJob 6:7; 35:1; 36:3; ParJer 1:6; 2:7; ApcEsdr; AscIs 3:9; Jos. Ant. 11, 5; 18, 326, Vi. 55) ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ‘βλασφημεῖς’ ὅτι εἶπον J 10:36. ὁμολογήσω αὐτοῖς ὅτι ‘οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς’ Mt 7:23. So after var. verbs of saying as direct discourse: Mt 26:72–75; 27:43; Mk 1:37; 2:16; 5:28; 12:29; 13:6 (JSundwall, Om bruket av ὅτι recit. i Mk: Eranos 31, ’33, 73–81; MZerwick, Untersuchgen z. Mk-Stil ’37, 39–48); Lk 1:25, 61 (PWinter, HTR 48, ’55, 213–16); 4:41a; 5:26; 15:27a; J 1:20, 32; 4:17; 6:42; 16:17; Ac 5:23; 15:1; Ro 3:8 (B-D-F §470, 1; Rob. 1033; AFridrichsen, ZNW 34, ’35, 306–8); 2 Th 3:10; 1J 4:20 al. Scripture quotations are also introduced in this way (Appian, Bell. Civ. 62 §260 a saying of Caesar in direct discourse is introduced by ὅτι): Μωϋσῆς ἔγραψεν ἡμῖν ὅτι ‘ἐάν τινος κτλ.’ Mk 12:19.—Mt 2:23; 21:16; Lk 2:23; J 10:34; Ro 8:36; 1 Cor 14:21; Hb 11:18.—On ὅτι foll. by the acc. and inf. in direct discourse Lk 4:43 s. 5a below.

④ marker of causality

ⓐ subordinating, because, since ὅτι ἑώρακάς με, πεπίστευκας J 20:29.—Mt 2:18 (Jer 38:15); 5:3ff; 13:16; Mk 1:34; 5:9; Lk 4:41b; 6:20ff; 8:30; 10:13; 11:42ff; 13:2b; 15:27b; perh. 18:9 (TManson, The Sayings of Jesus ’54, 309); 19:17; J 1:30, 50a; 2:25; 3:18; 5:27; 9:16, 22; Ro 6:15; 1 Cor 12:15f. On 1J 2:12–14 s. BNoack, NTS 6, ’60, 236–41 (opposes causal mng.).—Used w. demonstr. and interrog. pronouns διὰ τοῦτο … ὅτι for this reason …, (namely) that J 8:47; 10:17; 12:39; 1J 3:1 al. διὰ τί; ὅτι … why? because … Ro 9:32; 2 Cor 11:11. χάριν τίνος; ὅτι … for what reason? because … 1J 3:12. Foll. by διὰ τοῦτο because … for this reason J 15:19. οὐχ ὅτι … ἀλλʼ ὅτι not because … but because 6:26; 12:6.

ⓑ The subordination is oft. so loose that the transl. for recommends itself (B-D-F §456, 1; Rob. 962f). Naturally the line betw. the two groups cannot be drawn with certainty: Mt 7:13; 11:29; Lk 7:47 (on this pass. and 1J 3:14 s. Schwyzer II 646, w. ref. to Il. 16, 34f: ‘infer this from the fact that’); 9:12; 13:31; 16:24; J 1:16f; 9:16; 1 Cor 1:25; 4:9; 10:17; 2 Cor 4:6; 7:8, 14; 1J 3:14.—MBlack, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 70ff.

⑤ special uses

ⓐ ὅτι w. acc. and inf. after θεωρεῖν Ac 27:10 (on the mingling of constructions cp. POxy 237 V, 8 δηλῶν ὅτι … δεῖσθαι τὸ πρᾶγμα; EpArist 125; schol. on Clem. of Alex., Protr. p. 296, 11f Stäh.—B-D-F §397, 6; Rob. 1036; Rdm.² 195; MArnim, De Philonis Byzantii dicendi genere, diss. Greifs-wald 1912, 88 [but s. on this Rdm.² 196, 1]). Less irregular is καὶ ὅτι w. a finite verb as the second member dependent on παρακαλεῖν after the inf. ἐμμένειν Ac 14:22.—S. also c, below and HCadbury, JBL 48, 1929, 412–25.

ⓑ ὡς ὅτι is found three times in Pauline letters and simply means ‘that’ in the later vernacular (exx. in Mlt. 212; B-D-F §396; Rob. 1033). But the subjective mng. of ὡς must be conceded for the NT, since the Vulgate renders ὡς ὅτι twice w. ‘quasi’ (2 Cor 11:21; 2 Th 2:2) and the third time (2 Cor 5:19) w. ‘quoniam quidem’: διʼ ἐπιστολῆς …, ὡς ὅτι ἐνέστηκεν ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου by a letter … (of such content) that (in the opinion of its writer) the day of the Lord is (now) here 2 Th 2:2. Paul says ironically: κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω, ὡς ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἠσθενήκαμεν I must confess to my shame that we have conducted ourselves as weaklings (as I must concede when I compare my conduct w. the violent treatment you have had fr. others [vs. 20]) 2 Cor 11:21 (for the thought cp. Demosth. 18, 320: ‘I confess it. I am weak, but all the more loyal than you [Aeschines] to my fellow citizens’). Likew. 5:19; we are a new creation in Christ (vs. 17). This does not alter the fact that everything has its origin in God, who reconciled us w. himself through Christ (vs. 18), ὡς ὅτι θεὸς ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ κόσμον καταλλάσσων ἑαυτῷ that is (acc. to Paul’s own conviction), (that) it was God who was reconciling the world to himself in Christ.

ⓒ consecutive ὅτι so that (Pel.-Leg. p. 20 τί διδοῖς τοῖς ἀμνοῖς σου ὅτι ζωὴν αἰώνιον ἔχουσιν;=what do you give your sheep so that they have eternal life? Acta Christophori p. 68, 18 Usener τοιοῦτοι γάρ εἰσιν οἱ θεοὶ ὑμῶν, ὅτι ὑπὸ γυναικὸς ἐκινήθησαν. Gen 20:9; Judg 14:3; 1 Km 20:1; 3 Km 18:9) ποῦ οὗτος μέλλει πορεύεσθαι, ὅτι ἡμεῖς οὐχ εὑρήσομεν αὐτόν; J 7:35. τί γέγονεν ὅτι … ; what has happened, so that (=to bring it about that) …? 14:22 (so Rob. 1001; difft. Rdm.² 196 and B-D-F §480, 6). This is prob. also the place for οὐδὲν εἰσηνέγκαμεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον, ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐξενεγκεῖν τι δυνάμεθα we have brought nothing into the world, so that (as a result) we can take nothing out of it 1 Ti 6:7. τί ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος, ὅτι μιμνῄσκῃ αὐτοῦ; Hb 2:6 (Ps 8:5).—DELG. M-M.